Friday, September 7, 2012

Differences Between Cultures and Their Influences


The lost art of planning ahead:
Living in a world where people tend to hold things off until the last moment and hope that things will work out in the end tends to leave me with a sense of fatalism and ambivalence.  I do not like that fact that I can plan things out and then have everything changed at a moment because an important official came into town and I need to go out to dinner with him.  The other facet of this attitude towards fatalism is that it leaves a person with a sense of defeat for putting in all the time and effort to plan things when they realize that at any moment things could change and cause their plans to change.  The other caveat of leaving things until the last moment is that it becomes exceedingly more difficult to get everything ready at the last minute without making mistakes, forgetting things behind, making necessary arrangements for travel, etc.  I do not know how many times that a student, colleague, or Chinese friend asked me if I wanted to go on an extended journey only the morning before travel was to begin.
My theory on why some of my Chinese friends tend to not emphasis planning into the future as much as Americans do derives from differences in culture and education.  In my mind, traditional Chinese culture dictates that people need to be ready at all times of day to help a friend, colleague, or family member.  This comes from a deeply engrained sense of responsibility to maintain and build strong relationships (guanxi).  In some circumstances people are able to avoid commitments in China but it is necessary for them to find a way of avoiding blame for not being able to assist that person.  For example, it is necessary for them to establish a viable reason which would keep them previously engaged indefinitely.  Of course, in situations where a person of high importance asks you to do something it becomes even more difficult to avoid not helping them.
In my mind, another reason for a lack of planning skills comes from the Chinese education system itself.  I feel the education system in China promotes an analytical thought process and values reasoning skills greater than creative thinking.  Chinese children leave their formative years of education with strong analytical reasoning skills and a vast amount of information learned through rote memorization.  Throughout these years respecting leaders in society, civic duties, and the importance of competition and nationalism are all reinforced.  To be far, our two cultures and systems value things quite differently leaving some things to be desired in both respects.
The total institution approach to education in China also leads to problems in problem solving and planning.  From elementary school to high school many students will spend eight hours a day in school.  After school, they will have homework to do which will take several hours to finish in time for dinner followed by night classes.  In high school, many students will live on campus and get less than seven hours of sleep a day due to studying, homework, and outside of the classroom responsibilities.
                 The problem solving and lack of planning issue are also reinforced by the manner in which Chinese children are raised.  Furthermore, the effect of the one child policy in China has worked to exacerbate the lack of planning problem in youth today.  Parents feel strongly that it is their responsibility to manage every part of their children’s lives in order to help them achieve success in a competitive society.  This along with the importance of helping others (guanxi) and the “total institution” approach to formative education in China has created a generation of youth who have difficulty thinking on their own.  It is important to remember that Chinese parents and teachers believe that they are doing the right thing for their children as they educate them on how to be successful in Chinese society today.
Another result of the Chinese education system is that Chinese students rarely find themselves in an environment which promotes creativity and usually have under developed problem solving skills.  The influence of the Chinese educational system on Chinese students compounded with Chinese cultural norms both contributes to a lack of planning and ability to anticipate problems ahead of time.  Both of these tendencies are troubling to me since I value planning ahead, my schedule, and creativity.  The long term results have created several generations of Chinese who do not have the ability to plan ahead effectively nor evaluate topics through multiple perspectives.
Cultural relativism’s influence on foreign travelers:
Feelings of this nature are true for anyone who has lived in a different culture as long as I did.  As the world around us continues to change I feel that people are going to have more and more understanding of what life is like in different cultures around the world today.  Knowing more about different cultures is a good thing in my opinion; however, it is important to always remember in the back of your mind that as foreign observer it is never wise to criticize different cultures.  One thing that I have noticed is that most foreigners who think they know a lot about another culture are usually extremely misinformed or arrogant.
 Remember traveling to another country and living there are two completely different things.  I remember what it was like for me traveling in Europe and other places before living in China.  I thought that somehow I was now a resident expert on Greece, Italy, and France when in actuality I knew only as much as I saw on the particular days I was traveling there.   Even if you know someone from that different culture you are traveling in and they were open enough to discuss their mother country they are only speaking for one person. 
As far as cultural understanding goes I believe that I know only a very little of what it means to be an American today.  Our culture is extremely diverse and vibrant which are both good things but also make it exceedingly hard to understand at any one time in my opinion.  I cannot imagine a foreigner coming to the United States and telling me they understand American culture in only a matter of day(s) or week(s).
I have some first-hand experience seeing this phenomenon play out with foreigners traveling in China.  The type of comment that triggers the most frustration for me are those which are said to either demean or satirize that other culture.  Travelling is a great passion to have in life and something that I feel is a great way for people to visit far off places, meet interesting people, and learn about different cultures.  Unfortunately, people who spend a few weeks in a different country can also sometimes make the mistake of returning home and pretending like they are now an expert on that culture.  In both cases people are mistaken and can hurt their credibility when they are called out for being wrong as well as people from that other culture.
A difference in processing information:
While back home in the United States I often was asked questions about differences between China and the United States.  The one thing I always tried to convey to others was that whether looking at similarities or differences it was always important to remember that both cultures emphasis similar results.  In my opinion, the greatest differences between our cultures come from the manner in which people look at problems.  The analytical processing of information itself is looked through different lenses depending on what culture you are in. 
One clear manifestation of this phenomenon can be seen when looking at the wording of both the silver and golden rule.   Both authors of these famous phrases have had extremely important roles in the course of western / eastern philosophy and have left undeniable marks on the planet.  Many people would argue that both Jesus Christ and Confucius had the best of others in their mind when they made their ethical statements.  First, the golden rule, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,” and the silver rule, “Do not do unto others as you would not have them do unto you” both establish that love for one’s neighbor is of paramount importance.  Both phrases clearly have the best in mind for the welfare of others but go about saying it in exactly the opposite manner.
Seeing the world through a new lense:
 I made it a mission of mine to try and analyze as many things as possible while back home in the United States last summer.  After two months living back home I noticed many different things that I never noticed as much during my previous life in the United States.  Some things were small such as the beauty of Minnesota’s blue sky, the emotion of holding an embrace with family members, and the quit efficiency of life in the United States.  Other things that I noticed were not always so pleasant and certainly left room for thought in my opinion.
The effects of complaining and sarcasm in American culture:
                One of the things that I really noticed that I both enjoyed and was revolted by was just how sarcastic people are back in the United States.  I too enjoy once and a while be a little sarcastic but at what point does a person need to draw a line?  I think that in any situation where the comment could be misconstrued as being actually true sarcasm can actually be worse than telling someone your true feelings however hurtful they may be. 
Are we that sick as a culture that we feel a need to be sarcastically downgraded someone or something else all of the time?  This trait makes American culture look extremely disingenuous.  Unfortunately, one of sarcasms latent effects is to create in people an aversion to telling the truth.  Instead of telling the truth which might be painful and reveal someone’s true feelings people would rather deflect the real problem by sarcastically labeling something as ridiculous, funny, stupid, etc.
I know that sarcasm is not something that effects the older generation of Americans as much as my own generation which makes me questions when did sarcasm become the accepted modus operendi  in popular culture?
Likewise, I noticed that complaining is also a rampant phenomenon in American culture.  At a certain point complaining becomes so ridiculous and rampant in everyday life that I become apathetic to a person even if their claims are valid.  As all people know at no point in time does complaining solve problems.  I would hate to see what would happen to American students in China when they were told that they would not have free-time to play, would have two real hours of homework every night, and be forced to go to night classes in order to pass their upcoming classes. 
Some of sarcasms and complaining latent effects hurt America’s image abroad.  For example, a person who is spoiled enough to make fun of others and complain about waiting in a long for gas tend to seem out of touch with the problems of most of the world’s population.  Most people would just be happy with living in a place where they were safe from war, famine, and disease.  As America’s influence continues to reach the globe it is important to remember that people have a connection with that world around us.  If we get too far out of touch with the world around us it is going to be to our own detriment and will have disastrous effects for Americans.  America has stood long enough to start transitioning from the hero to the villain in certain areas of the world.  Look no further than the Middle East to see the reality of their love for American culture and Americans.  With so much riding on our image abroad (remember how much we count of labor abroad to help fuel our consumerism) it is extremely important to keep helping people out abroad in my opinion unless Americans want to start buying less things.
The evolution of my world views: Idealism to realism:
                My own political views have changed with my experience in China as some readers might be able to see by reading through the lines.  I now look at the world in a much more practical manner and tend to try and find ways of avoiding political problems instead of hoping for the best through treaties, foreign aid, investment, the U.N. etc.  All of these tools are the necessary evolution of international politics; however, they rarely seem to deliver lasting results in situations which need special considerations (every situation has a need for special considerations when dealing with international politics).
                I think that in a lot of ways my life back in the United States can be likened to that of a fairy tale where the most crucial problems are whether to eat at Pizza Hut or Dominos and most people cannot even tell something more about another country than it is a friend or enemy of the United States.  In my mind, there is no better time to get abroad than now if people in America are going to wake up to the reality that the world cannot sustain itself if everyone where to live like we do in America.
                I think that people need to wake up to the realities that the outside world is not as idyllic as life in the United States.  If the United States is going to remain in a position of dominance and continue to consume the world to death the world will respond.  Therefore, is of critical importance for people across the world to start a working dialogue on the best ways of avoiding such a crisis over resources which is will be an impending doom for all people in the world.  Such a crisis would make the Great Depression seem tame in comparison as war, shortages, famine, and disease would inevitably wreak havoc across the world.
Fortunately, I believe in the power of dialogue amongst individuals and cultures to help break down some of physical and political barriers that separate us.  Let us work together to start a better future which can promote growth without destruction of the world around us. 
The power of fear in American culture:
I find that many of my friends and family are intensely afraid of things that I find both interesting and unavoidable at the same time.  In Chinese culture there is a great sense of letting certain things go without showing that they frustrate you.  I think that in many ways people back home could really use this lesson to help them deal with everything that goes on in their everyday lives in the United States.
I feel that people should instead focus on promoting self-confidence and a realization that even if you do lose your job, promotion, friend, family member, or possession things will work out in the end because you trust yourself.  I feel that too many people back home have so little self-confidence and are too exposed to fear on the news that they feel paralyzed to act.  Life is going to through bad situations to all of us during our life-times.   It is those of us who have a will to survive and the self-confidence to trust themselves which will in the end break free from the fear inside of us.
Putting yourself in experiences which will test you is one such way in which you can find the self-confidence you are looking for and also help you break the fear machine.  The reality is that the answers never come easy in this life and at first you will actually fail trying to do what you so desire.  Through the process of learning how to fail you will inevitably do your best to next time make sure that you will not fail; therefore, achieving success and self-confidence in one fell stroke.
I think that partially our fear paralysis steams from the fact that many of our lives are so perfect back in the United States that we actually find ourselves creating fear in our lives in order to feel we are doing are best to avoid whatever it is we created.  For example, not getting accepted into a prestigious college will somehow hurt your chances of being able to live a happy life.  In fact I have heard many stories of people not getting into Harvard and being happier than the ones who did get accepted.

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